Offensive Advertisement Essay

Some marketers use persuasive advertisements to capture the attention of the customers; however, some marketers use offensive concepts to make publicity and create strong brand awareness. This is what Dolce and Gabanna did in endorsing the products in the market. The magazine advertisement portrays an image of a lady while being raped by a group of men. The controversial advertisement shows a man holding a woman by her wrists which symbolizes domestic violence. While the lady lies on the ground and the man grips her arm, they are being surrounded by topless men. Apparently, this advertisement portrays violence against women (Walters, 2007). Obviously, the company wants to promote publicity through this poster advertisement. The company aims to sell the brand name rather than the product itself. Through this kind of advertisement, the society will easily recall the name of the company which would make them buy the product because of its prominence in the market (Bel et al, 2005). This creative poster ad aims to sell the brand and awake the emotion of the people regarding domestic violence. Although it portrays aggression, the company has the right to show it to the public to make the customers aware about the rights of women in the society. Showing offensive images does not mean promoting a certain action to the public, it may serve as the bridge to make the government and the community act to eradicate the root of aggression in the world. It has to be distributed to the market not only to create sales but also to open the eyes of the people about domestic violence. The idea that this poster ad became controversial because of its subliminal messages should be taken as a good marketing method because the public easily reacted to the messages that this kind of ad shows to the society. This advertisement may have negative messages but it only shows that even the apparel company could create an effective publicity to promote the business and bring up the societal problems. The critics may find this advertisement as offensive; however, this would trigger the emotion of the people and make them act against domestic violence. References Bel, B. Brouwer, J. & Das, B. (2005). Media and Meditation. New Delhi: SAGE Walters, C. (2007). Is This Fashion Ad Promoting Gang Rape?. The Consumerist. Retrieved March 19, 2009 from http://consumerist. com/consumer/advertising/is-this-fashion-ad-promoting-gang-rape-313579. php

Papa Johns Term Paper

Subject: Term Paper: Papa John’s Papa John’s International HISTORY OF COMPANY: Papa Johns was founded by John Schnatter. John worked at a local pizza pub in Jeffersonville, Indiana when he was in High School. While he was working there, he realized that there was something missing from the national pizza chains which was a superior-quality traditional pizza delivered right to the customer’s door. His dream was to one day open a pizza restaurant that would fill that void.In 1983, John Schnatter delivered his last campus pizza, picked up his business degree from Ball State University, and went back to Jeffersonville, Indiana. There, at age 22, he knocked down the broom closet in his father's tavern (Mick's Lounge); sold his prized 1971 Z28 Camaro, purchased $1,600 worth of used restaurant equipment, and began delivering pizzas out of the back of the bar. Papa John's opened its first pizza restaurant in 1984. (2) CORPORATE INFORMATION: Papa John’s Pizza Corpo rate Office is located at 2002 Papa John’s Boulevard, Louisville, KY 40299.Their phone number is (502)261-7272. The CEO is Nigel Travis, the COO is Jude Thompson, and the CFO is David Flanery. (1) STOCK MARKET INFORMATION: Papa John’s is under NASDAQ stock market and their symbol is PZZA. As of April 12, 2010, their Stock market price was $27. 88. Their stock prices are down -. 84. (6) COMPANY’S REPUTATION: Papa John's is the recognized quality leader of the pizza category and is the world's third largest pizza company. For nine of the last ten years, consumers have rated Papa John's No. in customer satisfaction among all national pizza chains in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). Papa John's also was honored by Restaurants ; Institutions Magazine (R;I) with the 2009 Gold Award for Consumers' Choice in Chains in the pizza segment. In 2006, for the third consecutive year consumers have honored Papa John's (NASDAQ: PZZA) with the top rating among nat ional pizza delivery and take-out chains in the prestigious Restaurants ; Institutions' Consumers' Choice in Chains Survey.Papa John's, which earned its best overall score ever, outdistanced the next closest national take-out and delivery chain by a record margin of almost six points. Restaurants and Institutions' 2006 Consumers' Choice in Chains Survey National Pizza Delivery and Take-Out Chains ———————————————————————- Overall Score Atmosphere Cleanliness Convenience ——————— ————- ———- ———– ———– Papa John's 52. 31% 44% 52% ——————— ————- ———- ———– à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Pizza Hut 46. 8 34 40 49 ——————— ————- ———- ———– ———– Little Caesars 44. 9 24 34 53 ——————— ————- ———- ———– ———– Domino's Pizza 43. 3 24 36 51 ———————————————————————-Food Quality Good Reputation Menu Variety Service Value ————– ———— ————— ———— ——- —– Papa John's 66% 64% 48% 50% 49% ————– ——à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ ————— ———— ——- —– Pizza Hut 58 58 46 43 40 ————– ———— ————— ———— ——- —– Little Caesars 44 42 30 37 69 ————– ———— ————— ———— ——- —– Domino's Pizza 47 50 37 43 46 ———————————————————————- †¢For nine consecutive years (1999 – 2008), Papa John's has been rated number one n customer satisfaction among all national pizza chains in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) released by the National Quality R esearch Center at the University of Michigan Business School. †¢Top rated national pizza delivery and take-out chain in Restaurants & Institutions' Consumers Choice in Chains Survey seven out of the last nine years (1998 – 2000, 2002 and 2004 – 2006). †¢Pizzamarketplace. com 2006 Pizza Chain of the Year †¢Voted ‘Best Pizza' in more than 50 U. S. markets over the last several years, including in Los Angeles, Washington D. C. , Atlanta, Dallas, Indianapolis, Orlando, Knoxville and Phoenix. †¢Highest rated national pizza delivery and take-out chain in RealPeopleRatings. com, an online quarterly rating site. Tied for first as the highest rated national pizza chain in the 2007 Zagat/Today Show Fast Food Survey. †¢Silver winner of the 2006 Brandweek Customer Loyalty Award in the pizza category. †¢Named Delivery Operator of the Year among pizza chains in the United Kingdom by the Pizza and Pasta Association (2005 – 2006). CHIEF COMPE TITORS: Papa John’s top chief competitors are Domino’s, Little Caesar’s, and Pizza Hut. FINANCIAL POSITION OF COMPANY (PAST AND PRESENT): †¢Fourth quarter earnings per diluted share of $0. 49 in 2009 vs. $0. 46 in 2008 and full-year earnings per diluted share of $2. 06 in 2009 vs. $1. 30 in 2008 †¢Fourth quarter earnings per diluted share, excluding noted items, were $0. 41 in 2009 vs. $0. 8 in 2008 and full-year earnings per diluted share, excluding noted items, were $1. 50 in 2009 vs. $1. 68 in 2008 †¢Domestic system-wide comparable sales decreased 0. 5% for the quarter and were even for the year †¢International franchise system sales increased 18% for the quarter (13% excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rates) and 14% for the year (24% excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rates) †¢11 net Papa John's worldwide unit openings during the quarter and 89 net openings during the year †¢Earnings guidance for 20 10 reaffirmed at a range of $1. 70 to $1. 90 per diluted share, excluding the impact of consolidating BIBPPapa John's International, Inc. (NASDAQ: PZZA) today announced revenues of $280. 5 million for the fourth quarter of 2009, compared to revenues of $279. 6 million in 2008. Net income for the fourth quarter of 2009 was $13. 7 million, or $0. 49 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $1. 3 million, or $0. 05 per diluted share, from the consolidation of the results of the franchisee-owned cheese purchasing company, BIBP Commodities, Inc. (â€Å"BIBP†), a variable interest entity, and a gain of $1. 0 million, or $0. 03 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain income tax issues), compared to 2008 fourth quarter net income of $12. 8 million, or $0. 6 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $600,000, or $0. 02 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP, a gain of $1. 2 million, or $0. 04 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain inc ome tax issues and an after-tax charge of $2. 2 million, or $0. 08 per diluted share, related to restaurant impairment and disposition losses). Consolidated revenues for 2009 were $1. 11 billion, representing a decrease of 2. 3% from revenues of $1. 13 billion for 2008. Net income for 2009 was $57. 5 million, or $2. 06 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $14. 6 million, or $0. 52 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP and a gain of $1. 0 million, or $0. 4 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain income tax issues), compared to net income of $36. 8 million, or $1. 30 per diluted share, for 2008 (including a net loss of $6. 9 million, or $0. 24 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP, a gain of $1. 7 million or $0. 06 per diluted share from the finalization of certain income tax issues and an after-tax charge of $5. 5 million, or $0. 20 per diluted share, related to restaurant impairment and disposition losses). FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES: Cur rently Papa John’s has a 2010 U. S. Development Incentive Program for franchise opportunities. This program currently offers: †¢NO FRANCHISE FEE; A REDUCED ROYALTY RATE FOR THE FIRST 12 MONTHS FOR ON-TIME RESTAURANT OPENINGS, INCLUDING A 0% ROYALTY RATE FOR RESTAURANTS OPENED BY JUNE 2010; †¢A FREE â€Å"WOW OVEN† SET (UP TO $32,000 VALUE); AND †¢A CREDIT ON FOOD PURCHASES OF UP TO $3,000. If you do not qualify for the 2010 U. S. Development Incentive Program then these are the regular franchise requirements and fees: †¢Minimum of $50,000 in cash or liquid assets; †¢Minimum net worth of $150,000; and †¢Ability to obtain financing up to $200,000. Additional franchisee qualifications and requirements include: †¢The prospective franchisee should have at least one partner with a successful business management background and one partner who qualifies as the Principal Operator. For single-unit development, an individual can apply to be both owner and Principal Operator. The Principal Operator must have prior general management experience relative to the number of units to be developed and must own or have the right to acquire at least 5% equity in the business within 12 months of hire date. †¢A fully completed Request for Consideration Form and current resume must be submitted for each member of the proposed franchise group or the owner operator, including the proposed Principal Operator. Also, Papa John's will request supporting documentation from each proposed owner. Franchise Fees †¢The initial franchise fee is $25,000 per restaurant. ** Waived for 2010 †¢An ongoing royalty fee of 5% of net sales is due on a monthly basis. * Reduced for 2010 †¢Papa John's requires that a minimum of 7% of net monthly sales be spent by each franchisee for marketing purposes*, as follows: 2. 94% on national fund; and 4. 06% on co-op and/or local marketing initiatives. Also, $9,000 must be spent on grand opening adv ertising for each of the first two restaurants. Papa John's Franchise Offering Circular includes more detailed information regarding marketing and advertising fees. FUTURE PLANS: In an effort to further enhance its pan-India presence, the US-based delivery pizza restaurant chain, Papa John's is planning to open 10 more Papa John's outlets by the end of current quarter (April-June 2010). BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)Chris Sternberg: Papa John's International, Inc. (April 29, 2010).Papa John's Names Jude Thompson Co-CEO along with Founder and Chairman John Schnatter. http://ir. papajohns. com/releasedetail. cfm? ReleaseID=464972 (2)Papa John’s International. (2010). Retrieved April 18, 2010, from http://company. papajohns. com/about/pj_story. shtm (3)Franchise opportunities. (2010). Retrieved April 13, 2010, from, http://company. papajohns. com/franchise_opps/index. shtm (4)Financial overview. (2010). Retrieved on April 18, 2010, from, http://ir. papajohns. com/ (5)Financial information. (2 010). Retrieved on April 21, 2010, from, http://ir. papajohns. com/financials. cfm (6)Stock information. (2010). Retrieved on April 12, 2010, from, http://ir. papajohns. com/stockquote. cfm

Music Appreciation of Chris Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music Appreciation of Chris Brown - Essay Example Since Chris Brown ventured in the music industry, he has released several hit songs. Among the songs include the 2005 debut album Chris Brown which produced the top single ‘Run It’ and the second album, Exclusive, which was released in 2007 with top singles, such as ‘Kiss Kiss’ and ‘With You’. In 2008, Chris produced his third album titled ‘Forever’. Later Chris started collaborative music with popular artists like T-Pain, Bow Wow, Lil Mama and Rihanna who he became engaged to, but later separated. According to Thompson, in February 8, 2009, Chris physically assaulted Rihanna, then his girlfriend, a crime which he later pleaded guilty. Chris Brown was handed a five -year probation and also on a community service, besides losing most of his fans. From his childhood, growing while seeing his mother being subjected to physical violence by his stepfather. The experience has literally defined the relation between him and women, particula rly the female artists. Maybe it was out of that respect did Chris Brown not involve most of the female artists in his albums. Since his entry into the hip-hop and R&B entertainment industry, only a few female artists including Rihanna who was his girlfriend had been in his debut albums. It was ironically when in 2009 Chris Brown was charged for assaulting Rihanna- his girlfriend. Brown has been determined to shed off the past and the 2009 assault charges have significantly defined his music career.

United States Vs. Afghanistan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

United States Vs. Afghanistan - Research Paper Example During prison period, American prisoners are not allowed to vote, they are not registered as members who can participate in the voting section of elections and neither there are any voting facilities within the prisons. This means that more than 1 million US citizens who have the right are not allowed to vote during US elections even though their age complies with age required to vote. Voting is a right that is awarded to all citizens of US except the citizens who are serving time in prisons. In 12 states of US certain rules and regulations have been created due to which US prisoners are not even recognized as complete citizens of US (Cnaan, 2004, p.9). Prisoners who have completed their time in prisons have no right to vote within the states of Florida, Virginia and Kentucky. Nine more states participate in such measures but for a limited period of time. Ex-prisoners within various states of US are not even allowed to work in public offices and certain states allow them to gain empl oyment in public sector after they have spend certain amount of time in the society since the time of their release. Â  In US when a criminal is arrested he is detained in local jails before the final jail is selected for him. Once sentence period is announced, certain numbers of prisoners are shifted to their assigned jails and certain prisoners spend more time in local jails before being finally shifted to their assigned jails. Local jails where prisoners are first detained are located within the areas of arrest.

Virtual groups and how they effect group communication Research Paper

Virtual groups and how they effect group communication - Research Paper Example Instead they connect through communication technologies and computers, provide an unparalleled amount of flexibility (Powell, Piccoli & Ives, 2004) and are unified only by a shared function or rationale (Lurey & Raisinghani, 2000). This paper aims to review the literature and research that focuses on the characteristics of small virtual groups in an effort to determine how virtual group interaction affects performance and to make comparisons between performance of small virtual teams and more traditional co-located small teams. Small groups usually consist of three to fifteen members (Socha, 1997) with the ideal size being five to seven (Cragan & Wright, 1999) with every member having an influence on each other and are interdependent. In other words if something occurs to or influences one member it impacts on other group members; the behavior of one group member effects both the way other group members relate to each other (relational behavior) and how they finish the task or attain their goal (task behavior) (Bertcher, 1994). According to Myers & Anderson (2008) interdependence is a fundamental characteristic of a small group and at the end of the day will influence how the group achieves its goal or task which is the initial and most important reason the group is formed. Tasks can be additive, wherein the small group members work separately on one component of a task and when all components are completed they amalgamate their endeavors to produce one ultimate outcome, or they can be conjunctive, wherein the group works together to produce the final outcome (Steiner, 1972). In the case of additive tasks the small group is not interdependent until the end when they unite their work but with conjunctive tasks they are interdependent from start to finish. Apart from the task, interdependence and size, Myers & Anderson (2008) claimed that small groups contain three further features of communication which are ‘norms, identity and talk’ (p.9). He furth er claimed that the norms of small group behavior are the rules or regulations pertaining to members of the group, and can be social, procedural or task based, and if not upheld by a group member sanctions may be imposed on that member. Norms therefore shape small group behavior and govern the way in which group members undertake their task, interact and create their identity - the physical and psychological limits that differentiate small groups and group members. Communication is the most important feature of small groups in terms of defining their identity and consists of four different types of talk as posited by Cragan & Wright (1999) that include role talk, problem-solving talk, encounter talk and consciousness-raising talk. Myers & Anderson (2008) claimed that a small group that is able to balance all four talk types will be more effective and succeed in its task, whereas a small group that places too much emphasis on one type over another or does not employ any one type may alienate some members and not accomplish their task. To summarize the characteristics of small group communication there are three major qualities – size, interdependence and task, and three minor qualities – norms, talk and identity, that influence the way in which group members interact and communicate. Research shows that much has been suggested and purported in terms of virtual communication

Psychological Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychological Theories - Research Paper Example This theory is based on the precept that mutual dependence is a vital fact in the development of a person’s character. It points to the fact that no single citizen of any community can function as a contributing member of society through his or her own effort but requires the support of established systems in the society as well as the encouragement of family and friends. This theory, which is rooted in the association between a person and his or her environment, seeks to affirm that all communities are formed through the interdependence that exists between citizens and the local government and other establishments that work to better the community. When these diverse associations are working well, then the levels of crime within any given community will be negligible. When different institutions in society such as the law enforcement authorities, the churches, schools, businesses and other associations are working together, they are able to collectively prevent the rise of cr ime in their society. The social disorganisation theory was first developed in Chicago, where the communities were divided into five zones that were then studied separately. The crime-riddled regions were identified through the â€Å"concentric zone model† (Miller, Shreck and Tewksbury, 2006). ... In the transitional zone, most of the homes were dilapidated and only poor citizens made homes there because they had few options to choose from. The more well-heeled members of society had the means to live in areas that had better roads, no environmental degradation and low crime rates and so opted for other residential areas rather than the transitional zone. The transitional zone is populated by people who are accustomed to living in poverty and have no social institutions to help them improve their lives. Essentially, most researchers use the transitional zone in many cities to study the relevance of the social disorganisation theory (Miller, Shreck and Tewksbury, 2006). The remaining three zones become progressively more habitable, with zone III, which is mostly populated by the working class, being the land in which the poor of the transitional zone aspire to reach. Though the occupants of zone III are not much more wealthy than the poor in zone II, they maintain their residen ces far much more and also esteem relationships within the organisation that hold up the law. Zone IV, which is the residential zone, has a more established population, most of whom are considered to be in the middle class. Their living conditions are much different from those of the zones II and III and they have establishments within society that allow them to preserve law and order. Zone V, the outermost zone, is populated by wealthy members of society who have the means to protect and sustain their lifestyles in their neighbourhoods while also keeping out undesired elements of society (Miller, Shreckand Tewksbury, 2006). According to the social disorganisation theory, the transitional zone, also known as zone II, has the greatest crime rate among

Instructional Technology of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Instructional Technology of Nursing - Essay Example They discuss the notes on a chat program. This creates a virtual classroom which necessitates more interaction between the students and the lecturers. Students normally attend classes while other s (distance learners) attends the online lessons. All the resources needed for each particular lecture is available in the black board.Since nursing and healthcare are living subjects, the learning resources keep on changing each and every day. Use of intranet-based instruction strategies help ease the art of syllabus revision. It also helps lecturers to serve a large number of students at a time without much effort. The theories used in treatment and prevention procedures are adapted to the learning systems in real time. Most educational institutions that offer nursing and healthcare courses are usually in conjunction with health institutions like hospitals and nursing homes. These institutions gradually undergo technological transformations as need and capacity increases. This in turn crea tes a need to include more updated studies to cover the changes. The changes are made simpler through the use of online libraries (databases) and lecture forums (web-conferencing).   These resources are easy to update, share (1 copy for thousands of students), demonstrate and serve the students.Management in nursing is quite practical and needs more involvement than just web-conferencing. Nurses studying management normally combine lectures (theory) with practice. his helps them to understand the way nursing centers operate.... All the resources needed for each particular lecture is available in the black board. Since nursing and healthcare are living subjects, the learning resources keep on changing each and every day. Use of intranet-based instruction strategies help ease the art of syllabus revision. It also helps lecturers to serve a large number of students at a time without much effort. The theories used in treatment and prevention procedures are adapted to the learning systems in real time. Most educational institutions that offer nursing and healthcare courses are usually in conjunction with health institutions like hospitals and nursing homes. These institutions gradually undergo technological transformations as need and capacity increases. This in turn creates a need to include more updated studies to cover the changes. The changes are made simpler through the use of online libraries (databases) and lecture forums (web-conferencing). These resources are easy to update, share (1 copy for thousands of students), demonstrate and serve the students. Management in nursing is quite practical and needs more involvement than just web-conferencing. Nurses studying management normally combine lectures (theory) with practice. They train to use information management systems in their respective universities. They use the systems to record, manage data, generate reports, analyze statistics, plan projects, schedule activities, assess clinical practice among other uses. This helps them to understand the way nursing centers operate and face the real world challenges in their career (Krautscheid L. & Burton D. 2003). Practice in nursing usually applies the real technologies used in health institutions. Students visit nursing centers and observe

Asian Americans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asian Americans - Assignment Example A nurse should not forget to put in to consideration the Asian American cultural issues while providing health care services (Oda, Le and Yoo, 2012). The issue of stereotyping is common among Asian American. They a regarded as foreigners or inventers by other American races. A practicing nurse should not be involved in the issue of stereotyping while dealing with this community. He or she should provide health care services to those in need without negative attitude. The Asian American people also have some cultural practice different from other American races. A nurse must be conversant with the cultural practices when providing services to the community. Some of the people do not belief in taking medicine made from some plants. It is the duty of the nurse to understand this belief and advice the patient on the benefits of taking the medicine. The Buddhist and Muslim regard some animals as cursed. A nurse attending a Muslim Asian American should not go to the treatment room with a dog, because they do not need any association with dogs. A nurse must be conversant with all the cultural beliefs and practices in order to attend to the patients appropriately (Oda, Le and Yoo,

A report reflecting on the skills and career Essay

A report reflecting on the skills and career - Essay Example In fact, it seems that my academic skills, as developed during my studies in the past, have been adequate for helping me to respond to the needs of daily life but could not help me to face the demands of professional environment. The educational institute I’ve chosen uses learning practices that help learners to become efficient not only in regard to academic tasks but also to tasks related to the workplace. Also, the assignments delegated to learners, as individuals or as groups, are structured in such way so that decision making and initiatives, by the learners’ side, are encouraged. In the Personal Development Programme, which is part of the Course I’ve chosen, students have the chance to monitor their progress in regard to their academic and career-related skills. This report has been prepared for showing my progress as of the skills mentioned above. Literature has been employed, along with my experiences in the class, in order to show the level at which the Course has helped me to improve my performance both as a learner and as a future employee in a managerial role. When referring to academic skills reference is made to specific aspects of a person’s capabilities. Three seem to be the most important academic skills in educational institutes of all levels: ‘reading, writing and mathematics’ (Oakland and Harrison 2011, p.94). My personal status, in regard to these skills, is analyzed below using appropriate literature. In general, reading is considered as one of the most critical academic skills. Indeed, it is not possible for a learner to respond to the needs of his learning programme without achieving a continuous improvement of his reading skills. As noted in the study of Downing (2013) each learner has to monitor his progress in regard to his reading skills; such task can be developed through a schedule customized accordingly. Personally, I have not employed such schedule during my studies. However, I have tried to identify

The terms symbol and imagery Essay Example for Free

The terms symbol and imagery Essay Define the terms symbol and imagery, and analyze how each of the stories uses symbols to add depth to the quality of the story. A child loves mother unconditionally and wants to spend as much time with her as possible. However, the same little one cuddles mummys sweater while she has to work at night and let her baby go to bed without her. Does it happen because the baby loves the sweater too? Obviously this is not the case. The sweater symbolizes the woman who was seen wearing it so many times, whose perfumes can still be smelled on it. Everyday objects may acquire symbolic value, which allows a unique way of expression and also effectively stimulates imagination. Similarly, a little boy enjoys stories describing wind that can he can feel on his face, singing birds that he can hear, and breathtaking views that he can see. All these are only images of his memories, but create an exciting world of almost real experiences. The more images triggering mind to bring memories of sensation of testes, touch, sights, the more authentic and vivid the story appears. Both, symbolism and imagery are tools used cleverly by William Faulkner in A rose for Emily and Shirley Jackson in The lottery; consequently, the two short stories are pieces of wonderful, deep, and moving literature. Symbols in A Rose for Emily have a deep and underlying insight to the story. Faulkner uses them to represent the intangible qualities of Miss Emily Grierson, such as her physical and emotional deterioration. The Grierson house description compliments effectively the image of Miss Emily itself. In its prime, the house appears as white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scroll balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies (Faulkner 74). It can be assumed that it is build not only for function, but also to show off and to impress the other townspeople. Similarly, Emily Grierson dresses in a conspicuous manner, as all wealthy women of this time. She carried her head high enough as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson (77). Both Miss Emily and her house stand out and give an impression of wealth to onlookers. As the story progresses, the physical decline the woman and the house are exposed to become clear. Just as the house is filed with dust and shadows (79), Emily ages and she had grown fat and her hair was turning gray (78). Ultimately, at the time of Miss Emilys death, the house is seen by the townspeople as an eyesore among eyesores (74), and Miss Emily is perceived as a fallen monument (78). Both are lifeless and empty. Maybe even more significant is comparison of Emilys unwillingness to change and the appearance of the Griersons house. Miss Emily refuses to obey the tax law and recalls the since departed mayor, Colonel Sartoris, who remitted her taxes (75). She does not want to pay taxes and does not accept any way of treating her different than one from her youth time. Emily believes she, as a successor of affluent family, deserves unconditional respect from the rest of the world. Likewise, just as Miss Emily held herself high, the house is presented as lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps (74). It can be assumed the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps are used to symbolize townspeople who were seen by Miss Emily as unimportant and purposeless. This comparison proves that Faulkners use of symbols in A rose for Emily was a extremely effective way of building the depth of the story. While reading A rose for Emily the pictures and impressions presented in the story appear easy to imagine thanks to the writers use of details. Faulkner creates a very horrifying image of death which prevalently occurs throughout the whole story. Five actual deaths discussed or mentioned in passing saturate the readers imagination with a very strong and distinct icon of this phenomenon. The plot begins with narrators recollections of Emilys funeral that happens to gather the entire community. Our whole town went to her funeral (Faulkner 74) says one of the observators. This simple statement triggers series of images that each reader stores in his/her mind: many sad faces, dark clothes, the silence, fear, and maybe even curiosity, all of them reffer to death. Moreover, the narrators description of Emily is that of a drown woman: She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue (79). An awful sight of a body that used to be known as Miss Emily is now a photography taken by the talented author. Equally expressive are Faulkners numerous figurative portraits of Emily herself in which he frames her in doorways or windows. The chronological organization of Emilys portraits visually imprints the changes occurring throughout her life. Like an impressionist painting that changes as the viewer moves to different positions. Without the symbolism of its characters, The Lottery by Shirley Jackson would be little more than an odd tale about a stoning. Each character represents some idea and the settings of the story help to magnify those representations. The first character, Old Man Warner, is probably the most symbolic character of the story. Everything he says resembles tradition of the community he was born to. He persistently criticizes new ideas about the lottery and all the changes that have been made to its procedure. He calls a pack of crazy fools (Jackson 211) people of a neighboring village for they are considering doing away with the lottery. Old Man Warner symbolizes the old generation of people who always readily guard the good name of tradition and do not accept any changes to it. The Hutchinson Family serves as a symbol of internal faults that many humans have, such as cowardice and indifference. Bill Hutchinson is apparently so scared of saying no to authority that he will not take the necessary steps to protect his family. As a matter of fact, he is the one who forces Tessie, his wife, to admit that she has been chosen to be stoned. Bill stand by while the village people slowly kill the woman of his life, but his is not able to overcome his fear of consequences of standing out. To belong to the group is Bills major desire; therefore, he gives up his family and chooses the ritual over it. Furthermore, it seems as if cowardice affected the entire. No one has enough courage to stand up and officially refuse The Lottery ritual. Like in reality, many people only whisper hiding faces behind others backs, but so few have courage to oppose and resist the majority. The combination of settings, symbolic characters, and a surprising ending make The Lottery by Shirley Jackson a truly powerful and provoking story. Shirley Jackson paints the lottery scene using comparison of two elements: the villagers apparition and the appearance of nature. The beginning of the first paragraph informs that the morning of June 27th was clear and sunny with the fresh warmth of a full summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green (Jackson 208). Readers attention focuses on the beautiful impression of colorful flowers, juicy grass, and the warmth and peace of another summer day. Similarly, the people who came to participate in the lottery seem quite happy and careless. The children tended to gather together quietly (209). The men spend time speaking of planting and rain, tractors and taxes (209) as if they do not suspect what is going to happen next. The people and the nature look to be unified and inseparable. A rose for Emily as well as The Lottery present an effective way of use of symbol and imagery. Expanded meaning of a particular word or thing creates a new set of correlations. Faulkner, for instance, uses the Grierson house as a substitute for Miss Emilys physical characteristics. On the other hand, imagery provides a channel to readers active imagination. Jacksons choice of words act as a trigger to readers mind; the description of the nature provides enough vivid details to actually see the whole picture.

Upper Body Tests Of Muscular Strength

Upper Body Tests Of Muscular Strength Muscular strength and endurance are one of the health-related physical fitness components (ACSM, 2003). McManis, Baumgartner, Wuest(2000)mentioned that the level of muscular strength and endurance affects an individuals ability to perform daily functions and various physical activities throughout the life span. Upper-body strength and endurance are also considered important for performing functional and daily activities as well as preventing injury and osteoporosis. Because of the importance of upper-body strength and endurance, Engelman Morrow (1991) pointed out that test developers make continuous efforts to develop different upper-body fitness test and include them in test batteries. So that the physical educators can use muscular fitness test scores to document health related physical fitness. There are many test batteries developed by different associations and available for the physical educators. Most of the include test items designed to measure upper body muscular strength and/or muscular endurance (AAHPERD, 1988; Chrysler Fund-Amateur Athletic Union[CE-AAU], 1987; Institute for Aerobics Research[IAR], 1987; PCPFS, 1987). In most of the test batteries, there will be one upper body muscular fitness test included, but some of them may provide several options for the practitioner, such as, the FITNESSGRAMÂ ® health-related physical test battery, which was developed by the CIAR(1999) and is currently endorsed by the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance[AAHPERD], provides the following field tests for the practitioners: (a) the traditional pull-up (PU), (b) the modified pull-up (MPU), (c)the 90o push up (PSU), and (d) the flexed-arm hang (FAH). Although the practitioner may choose to use either of the tests, the PSU is recommended. According to AAHPERD (1988); CF-AAU (1987); PCPFS (1987), PU and FAH are the most commonly used field tests as measurements of upper-body strength and endurance. But, Ross, Pate, Delpy, Gold, and Svilar (1987) argued that MPU and PU are more acceptable field tests for upper-body strength and endurance, because they can provide a better range of scores. Baumgartner, Oh, Chung, Hales (2002); Clemons, Duncan, Blanchard, Gatch, Hollander, Doucet(2004) also pointed out that modified push up test (MPSU) is commonly used to measures upper-body strength and endurance. Statement of Problem Many test batteries include one upper-body strength and endurance tests among the 5 tests mentioned before, or provide several options for the practitioners without any explanation. Zhu (1998) pointed out that if test are used interchangeably, tests must be equivalent. Different tests may involve different muscle groups. According to Pat Manocchias Anatomy of exercise: [a trainers guide to your workout], PU involves biceps brachii,brachioradialis, latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid, rhomboid, teres major and trapezius. For PSU, it involves deltoideus, coracobrachialis pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and triceps brachii. So a subject may get a high score in PSU but a low score in PU, because he/she has a very strong pectoralis major. Sherman Barfield (2006) pointed out that if tests are not consistent in classification, problems can occur when using test sores to classify whether the subject are in a health fitness zone. Purpose of Study The purpose of the study was to examine the interchangeability as well as the consistency of classification between the upper-body strength and endurance tests, including PU, MPU, FAH, PSU and MPSU by assessing the correlation between the test results among them. Significance of Study Mahar and Rowe (2008) pointed out that for researches, the aims of fitness test are to (a) determine the association between fitness and other health outcomes, (b) evaluate the effectiveness of training programs designed to increase fitness, and (c) determine the prevalence of adequate levels of fitness in defined population groups. In school settings, fitness tests are used to (a)provide individualized feedback to students about their fitness levels, (b) make recommendations for increasing or maintaining current fitness levels, (c) educate students about physical activity and fitness , and provide information to help determine the effectiveness of physical education programs. Among the test manuals available for selection, there are five commonly used upper-body strength and endurance tests, which are PU, MPU, FAH, PSU, MPSU. Test manuals usually include one of these tests in their test battery without explanation on the selection. Also the test manuals usually dont have any detailed information of the test, such as which muscle group will be assessed. FITNESSGRAMÂ ®, a test manual currently endorsed by AAPERD, allows the practitioner the option of administering any of the four upper-body strength and endurance tests, without stating their differences. As fitness test is important for assessing subjects fitness, hence, a subject should receive the same criterion classification regardless of what test is administered. If the tests can be used interchangeably, they must be equivalent. Misclassification of a subject may lead to an overestimation of appropriate physical activity or a discouragement in participation. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the consistency of classification, and interchangeability of the five commonly used upper-body strength and endurance tests. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE In most of the physical fitness test batteries, they include upper-body strength and endurance test, which implied the importance of upper-body strength and endurance in physical fitness (AAHPERD, 1988; Chrysler Fund-Amateur Athletic Union [CE-AAU], 1987; Institute for Aerobics Research [IAR], 1987; PCPFS, 1987). Upper-body strength and endurance are important for performing daily functions and various physical activities. A fitness test can assess subjects physical fitness level and help developing a suitable fitness program for the subject. But if the fitness test can not evaluate or classify the subjects physical fitness level accurately, it may lead to over or underestimation of the ability of the subject. The present study was to determine the consistency of classification, and interchangeability of the five commonly used upper-body strength and endurance tests. The review of literature for the present study focused on the following aspects: (a) validity and reliable of the five upper-body strength and endurance tests, (b) equivalence reliability of the tests, (c) summary of literature review. Validity and reliable of the five upper-body strength and endurance tests Pate, Burgess, Woods, Ross , Baumgartner (1993) studied the concurrent and construct validity of three common field tests of upper-body muscular strength and endurance including pull-up, flexed arm hang, push-up, Vermont modified pull-up and New York modified pull-up in children aged 9-10 years. The major findings are that the test performances were significantly associated with measures of weight-relative muscular strength, except push-up test, which was correlated significantly with the criterion measure of absolute strength, r(92)= .32, p McManis, Baumgartner and Wuest (2000) studied the objectivity and stability reliability of the 90o push-up test for elementary, high school and college-age students. They gave out some recommendations on improving the objectivity and stability reliability of the test, (a) the cadence should not be too slow, (b) elementary students and low-strength college women would be more successful in performing push-ups on their knees, (c) subjects should be required to wear tight, short-sleeved shirt for better judgment on angle of elbows. Baumgartner, Oh, Chung and Hales (2002) also suggested that women and very young individuals should execute push ups on the hands and knees. Besides the clothing, they pointed out that hand placement must be specified in the push-up test protocol. Romain and Mahar (2001) determined the test-retest reliability and equivalence reliability of the push-up and the modified pull-up tests from both norm-referenced and criterion-referenced frameworks. Sixty-two students aged between 10.5 and 12.3 years were administered the push-up and modified pull-up tests. The criterion-referenced test-retest reliability estimates were high for both tests, but the equivalence reliability estimates were considerably lower between them. Also the criterion-referenced equivalence reliability findings were not acceptable. Clemons, Duncan, Blanchard, Gatch, Hollander and Doucet (2004) determined the relationships between flexed-arm hang and select measures of muscular fitness, which are absolute strength (1RM lat pull down), relative strength (1Rm/mass) and muscle endurance (repetitions to failure at 70% of the 1RM). Sixty college-age women were studied and the results showed that FAH is a test of weight-relative muscular strength and appears unrelated to absolute strength or muscle endurance. Equivalence reliability of the tests Pate, Burgess, Woods, Ross, and Baumgartner (1993) found that the performance on the five field tests(pull-up, flexed arm hang, push-up, VMPU and NYMPU tests) were only moderately intercorrelated. The highest interest correlation was between flexed arm hang and VMPU tests, r(92)=.71, P Romain and Hahar (2001) were the pionners to study the criterion-referenced equivalence reliability estimate between push-up and modified pull-up tests among young children. They found that the classification agreement between push-up and modified pull-up tests was low. Also they pointed out that because the FITNESSGRAMÂ ® allowed the physical activity directors to choose among four tests to measure upper-body strength and endurance, the criterion-referenced equivalence reliability of these tests should be examined. Sherman and Barfield (2006) studied the equivalence reliability among the four upper-body strength and endurance tests(Push-up, pull-up, modified pull-up and flexed arm hang) in FITNESSGRAMÂ ®. 383 children in Grades 3 to 6 were tested over a week. The result showed that the equivalence reliability between PSU and MPU was acceptable for boy, but unacceptable for girls. The classifications for boys aged 10 and 11 regarding the push-up and pull-up tests were not consistent, but they were consistent for girls, except age 11. Summary of literature review Upper-body strength and endurance are important for daily functional activities. A valid upper-body strength and endurance can accurately assess and classify subjects muscular fitness level. This information can help physical educator the develop suitable fitness program for the subject. The above studies shown that the five field test are valid for measuring weight related strength rather than absolute strength and endurance. Also, for the equivalence reliability among the tests, there is lack of study on college student. Definition of Terms The following terms were defined operationally: Health-related physical fitness According to American College of Sport Medicine (2003), health-related physical fitness actually has four components: aerobic fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility and body composition. Muscular fitness is the strength and endurance of individuals muscles. Muscular Strength Docherty (1996) stated that the International System of Units (SI) defined strength as the maximal force or torque developed by a muscle, or muscle group, during one maximal voluntary action of unlimited duration at a specified velocity of movement. Muscular Endurance Docherty (1996) defined that muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle, or muscle group, to generate force repeatedly or for an extended period of time. Pull up According to AAHPED (1988), Pull up was defined as a person using overhand grip, body completely extended, raise until chin clears bar, then lower to full hang as in starting position. Flexed arm hang AAHPED (1988) defined Flexed arm hang as a person using overhand grip and in a position with chin clearing bar, elbows flexed, chest close to bar and hold this position as long as possible. Push up Chrysler Fund-Amateur Athletic Union (1987) defined push up as a person in prone position, elbows bent, hands flat on floor, thumbs pointing inward and next to chest, then pushes body up until elbows are straightened, while heels, hips, shoulders, and head remain in the same straight line. Modified pull up Pate, Ross, Baumgartner (1987)defined it as a person in supine position, the bar adjusted just out of reach of fully extended arms. That person grasps bar with overhand grip, maintaining arms and legs straight, feet together. Then pull up the body with arms so chin clears the bar. Fatigue According to Rod et al. (2006), fatigue is defined as the decreased capacity to do work and the reduced efficiency of performance that normally follows a period of activity. Research Hypothesis According to the above literatures reviewed, it was hypothesized that: 1. There would be no significant correlation between the five upper-body strength and endurance test results. And the classification is not consistent. Chapter 3 METHOD The purpose of the study was to examine the interchangeability as well as the consistent in classification of the upper-body strength and endurance tests, including PU, MPU, FAH, PSU and MPSU by assessing the correlation between the test results among them. This chapter was divided into the following parts: (a) subjects; (b) procedures; (c) method of analysis; and (d) statistical hypothesis. Subjects This study was targeted to male college students, who were studying in Hong Kong Baptist University and aged between 19 to 25 years old. Subjects will be selected by convenient sampling. Before the study, subjects was asked to sign on the consent forms after knowing the purpose, benefits and risks of the study. Procedures In this study, subjects were invited to perform the five upper-strength and endurance tests in a specific sequence, which is pull-ups, push-ups, modified pull-ups, modified push-ups and flexed arm hang. Test and retest were held on two separate days with in a week. All tests will be conducted in the fitness room of Hong Kong Baptist University or the fitness room of LCSD. The subjects were strongly advised not to have a heavy meal 2 hours before the sit-up tests. The subjects were invited to do warm up exercises. Warm up exercises included 5 minutes jogging or cycling and then 5 minutes related stretching exercises. After the warm up exercises, subjects were invited to perform the tests. The description of the pull-ups, push-ups, modified pull-ups and flexed arm hang tests were described by the FITNESSGRAMÂ ® (2007): Pull-ups The subject should start will hanging position an the bar with an overhand grasp. The subject uses the arms to pull the body up until the chin is above the bar and then lowers the body again into the full hanging position. The exercise is repeated as many times as possible. There is no time limit. Push-ups The subject should begin with a prone position with hand place under or slightly wider than the shoulder, fingers stretched out, legs straight and slightly apart, and toes tucked under. Then pushes up of the mat with the arms until arms are straight, keeping the kegs and back straight. The subject then lowers the body using the arms until the elbows bend at a 90o angle and the upper arms are parallel to floor. This movement is repeated as many times as possible. Modified pull-ups The student grasps the bar with an overhand grip. The pull up begins in this down position with arms and legs straight, buttocks off the floor, and only heels touching the floor. The student then pulls up until the chin is above the bar. The subject then lowers the body to the down position. Movement continues in a rhythmic manner. Flexed Arm Hang The subject grasps the bar with an overhand grip. With the assistance of one or more spotters, the student raises the body off the floor to a position in which the chin is above the bar, elbows are flexed, and the chest is close to the bar. The position is held as long as possible. Modified Push-up The subject should begin with a prone position with hand place under or slightly wider than the shoulder, fingers stretched out, legs straight and slightly apart, and knees tucked under. Then pushes up of the mat with the arms until arms are straight, keeping the legs and back straight. The subject then lowers the body using the arms until the elbows bend at a 90o angle and the upper arms are parallel to floor. This movement is repeated as many times as possible. There will be three minutes rest between each test. Delimitations The following delimitations were included in this study: The subjects of the study were delimited to the male students who were studying in Hong Kong Baptist University and aged between 19 to 25 years old. All the tests were carried at the fitness room of Hong Kong Baptist University or the fitness room of LCSD. The test and retest were held in separate days within a week. Data Analysis Statistical hypothesis The following null hypothesis was examined: 1. There would be significant correlation between the five upper-body strength and endurance test results. And the classification is consistent. Statistical Analysis Data were reported as mean and standard deviation. Minimum and maximum values of variables were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Pearson Production Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r) was used to examine the correlation between the 1-min sit-up result with that having fixed frequency and no time limit. An alpha level of p Limitations The following limitations were included in this study: 1. The subjects are restricted to the students who can use the fitness room of Hong Kong Baptist University or LCSD. 2. The motivation of the subjects in performing the tests, as all the tests are with no time limit, was uncontrollable. It might affect the results of the study. 3. The performance of the subjects might be affected because of their physical lifestyle and the physical activity level. 4. The performance of the subjects might affected due to their different physical characteristics. Study findings are applicable only to the subjects included in this study.

The Conspiracy of Water Fluoridation Essay -- Conspiracy Theory, Fluori

Few object to the therapeutic use of fluoride to stop tooth decay, but fluoridation, the addition of fluoride to the public water supply, can spark avid controversy. Most dentists, medical groups, and government officials argue that fluoridation is a cheap and risk-free venture that doubles cavity prevention. In contrast, a small minority of dentists and conservative political groups argue that fluoride is a hazardous, poisonous substance that should not be consumed. Some antifluoridationists even claim that fluoridation is an untrustworthy form of socialized medicine. But rather than just attacking fluoridation as socialized medicine, opponents originally claimed that it was a conspiracy to poison or brainwash Americans through the water supply. This theory arose in the 1940s when the scientific community refused to endorse or reject fluoridation, thus allowing the debate to expand into the social sphere. While fluoridation opposition may be subconsciously inspired by naturali sm, the social development of fluoridation into a Communist or fascist conspiracy resulted from a conscious effort by conservatives to suppress a growing government. The fluoridation debate results from a visible conflict of paradigms; profluoridationists seek to protect the communal good, while antifluoridationists defend individual rights. According to William Gamson, â€Å"Antifluoridation literature is frequently concerned with†¦ intrusion of government into private realms and with violation of individual liberty and choice† (Gamson, 527). Such concerns are often embodied in the characterizations of fluoridation as mass medication and socialized medicine. One expression identifies water treatment as a violation of free choice while the other po... ...3 May 2003. Schrecker, Ellen. The Age of McCarthyism. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2002. The Blue Book of the John Birch Society. Belmont, Massachusetts: Robert Welch, 1961. United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commence: Hearings on Fluoridation of Water. Washington, GPO, 1954. United States. House of Representatives. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the U.S. Volume 9. Washington, GPO, 1972. United States. Supplement to Cumulative Index to Publications of the Committee on Un-American Activities, 1955 through 1968. Washington: GOP,1970. Waldbott, George L. Fluoridation: the Great Dilema. Larwerence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1978.

As I Lay Dying Essays: The Dysfunctional Family :: As I Lay Dying Essays

After reading As I Lay Dying, I was unsettled by something. It wasn't the plot, although As I Lay Dying had a singularly bizarre storyline. During the action of the novel a mother dies, and her family embarks upon a disaster ridden journey in order to fulfill her last wishes. The eldest son breaks his leg, the family has to sell or mortgage practically all it's worldly goods, and Jewel risks his life twice in order to get his mother's body to Jefferson. Why has Disney not snatched up the film making rights to this singular testament to Bundren family's love and dedication? The answer, and the source of my discomfort, is that the Bundren family is awful. They are almost completely and totally defunct. The fact that there is next to no mourning following Addie's death, the most basic tribute a family can give, is only the tip of the iceberg of selfishness which seems to characterize the Bundren family. The trip to Jefferson, a journey which under other circumstances could be seen as a family's noble tribute to a fallen matriarch, was ruined by the selfish motives of most of the family for undertaking the expedition. Dewey Dell wanted to go to get an abortion. Vardaman wanted to go to get some bananas. Anse wanted to go to get a new set of teeth. Cash wanted to purchase a record player. Not only were the motives selfish, but they were utterly transparent. The Bundren's neighbor Tull expresses the absurdity of the situation best when he said, "They would risk the fire and the earth and the water and all just to eat a sack of bananas." (p. 140) Indeed, the last images of the Bundren's as a family (minus Darl) are of them eating bananas out of a sack, and sitting around a record player at home. There were two members of the family, however, with no ulterior motives for going into town. Jewel and Darl seem to have no object in getting to town other than the burial of Addie Bundren. Both Darl and Jewel have special connections with their mother. It is tempting to draw the conclusion that Darl loved his mother the most. He narrated the majority of the chapters in the novel, and as readers we grow most accustomed to his voice. Cora Tull is certainly under impression that Darl loves his mother the most when she says, "it was between her and Darl that the true understanding and the true love was.

Video recording act 1984 :: essays papers

Video recording act 1984 History As more and more people in the UK started to rent and buy videos for home use, it was thought that some kind of act should be passed that protected the public’s intrest. The video recordings act was brought in to prevent people from making videos of offensive nature (to some people) and then selling that footage to people who are deemed not suitable to see the footage (under aged) or people who are unaware of the nature of the video. In 1984 the act was passed through parliament and the BBFC (British Board Of Film Censorship) was designated to make sure that videos that are offered for sale or hire in the UK have the correct certificate. It was felt that videos needed to have a stricter rating system than cinema films as they could easily be obtained by under aged persons. The act does not really concentrate on the welfare of animals, but does stop films being made which depict scenes of cruelty, sexual (human/animal) intercourse/activities and mutilation. This act does work in relation with other acts that does protect animals, such as the Protection Of Animals Act 1911, Criminal Justice & Public Order and The Performing Animals (regulation) Act 192 5. Act Requirements & Aims: The act affects anyone who wishes to sell or hire videos for home, public use. The act may also effects people who have unlicensed videos for home use (extreme cases) The video recordings act states that: 1) Videos must be classified by designated authority (The president or vice president of the BBFC). That the certificate must reflect the video's suitability for home use. 2) Videos Must Not Contain Graphic Footage of – Â · Torture to humans or animals. Â · Explicit sexual acts between humans or human/animal. Â · Cruelty of animals (as stated in the Protection of Animals Act 1911). Â · Extreme violence to animals or people (particularly children and women). Â · Enjoyment from sexual assaults (human or animal). Â · Scenes that would cause great distress to Animals. These are the main points that effect animals, the rest of the act talks about the classification of the videos and footage in relation to people. 3) That it is an offence to sell such videos to any one under the certificate age. Videos are still allowed to show mild cruelty (depending in what context), for example when they hurl the cow out of the castle in Monty pythons quest for the Holy Grail (15 cert).

Play Response: A Rasin in the Sun Essay

I thought the play â€Å"A Raisin in The Sun† was very good because it accurately displayed so many aspects of what life would be like in the 1950’s for African Americans. Full of conflict and racial tension, Hansberry creates a strong distinction between her different and unique characters. The main theme of dreams creates conflicts that are evident in the play because the family is aiming for an individual dream that seems to never happen; however, in the end, they get away form the individual dream and finally reach a common ground. Almost every character in Raisin in the Sun had a dream or goal, and it seemed like their dreams dictated their happiness or value in life. Walter is obsessed with becoming successful and rich in order to afford things for his family, why his sister Beneatha’s original dream to become a doctor ends up directing the choices she will make when she realizes that Walter has wasted the money to be put aside for her. Throughout everyone’s dreams and aspirations, it seems to me that Mama’s dream is probably the most important. For Mama, all she desires is to keep the family together. She realizes the importance of a strong and close family, and struggles to keep them together despite all of the failings and mishaps that the characters experience. To Mama, a strong and close family is the most important aspect of her life, and something she will constantly struggle to protect. I also found it very uplifting when the family is able to overcome all of the struggles and adversity, and still manage to reject Mr. Lindner’s offers to move out of the all-white neighborhood. In my opinion, this is the perfect conclusion to the play, as I believe it shows that Mama’s dream of having a strong and cohesive family is directly connected to the rest of the family’s goals as well. Despite the offers by Mr. Lindner to help the individuals of the family in exchange for leaving the neighborhood, the family is able to put Mama’s dream in front of their own, which enabled the family to become a closer, happier family in the end, despite their individual struggles. While it seemed like the Youngers’ dreams were going to fester up and die, they were able to understand the importance of family that helped them to keep their dreams alive and achievable.

Native Americans vs. African Americans Essay

In today’s society there are many people living in poverty. All across America there are different projects and reservations where the less fortunate reside. Statistics show that mostly minorities live in these different locations. Native Americans and African Americans are two of the more popular races living in these places. The group suffering the most in these situations is the youth. Although both Native American and African American children living on a reservation or in the projects experience a terrible community, have little to no faith, and a broken family structure, African American youth living in the projects have it worse than Native American children living on a reservation. First, one of the most common living situations for less fortunate African Americans is in the projects. A project is a public living environment that is government owned. Although these buildings are government owned they are far from nice looking. Most of the buildings have no windows, are run down, dirty, and old. The government’s main goal is to maintain affordable housing not to make them the best looking homes in town. The projects aren’t a good environment for a child to be raised. Throughout these neighborhoods different gangs can be found. These gangs are built to defend the different areas in the projects. The gangs bring major violence to the area and are one of the main causes of death. At a young age children join these gangs and are raised to be violent. Many of them decorate the buildings they are living in with graffiti expressing their gang colors, symbols, or motto. In contrast, while Native American youth also live in poor housing, the environment is safer than the projects. A reservation is an area set aside for a specific type of land use or activity, or for use by a particular group of people, mostly Native Americans. Similar to the projects, houses on a reservation are old, beat down, and dirty. The houses on a reservation are government owned as well. Although these two locations are very similar they also differ. The reservation is a safer place then the projects. On the reservation there is a couple cases of mild violence but they aren’t as severe as the violence in the projects. Therefore, the reservations environment is a better environment than the projects. Secondly, many of the young people have no faith growing up in the projects. A lot of them believe their only way out of the projects is to become a basketball or football player or to become a top selling rap artist. At as young as sixteen years of age most African American males end up in jail, deceased, or selling drugs. A lot of them are also lead to believe that if they don’t do what every other man on the streets is doing, then they won’t make it anywhere in life. On the reservation the kids believe their only way out is to become NBA players or â€Å"powwowers†. Powwower’s are traditional Native American cheerleaders or dancers. Much like the African Americans growing up in the projects, the life expectancy rate for those living on a reservation is in the mid forties. Considering that both of these locations are in the United States mid forties is very young of age. Many of these people don’t live very long because they don’t have enough money to take care of themselves as well as their families. They also aren’t able to live a healthy lifestyle which shortens their days. Death is common in the two locations which leaves these two young groups wondering what’s beyond the age forty. Lastly, family structure is very important in a household. In the projects many of the homes lack a very strong family structure. Children growing up in the projects nine times out of ten don’t have both parents in the home. Most of them are drug dealers, alcoholics, prostitutes, or doing any and everything to try and provide for the child. Although these parents are trying to provide for their children a lot of the time they are also on welfare. Moreover, these children’s parents aren’t ever around, they sometimes go days without having anything to eat. Many of the young men follow after the footsteps of their father, older brother, or uncles which is why this cycle has continued for so long. Native Americans typically stick together as a unit. According to Sherman Alexie, an award winning author who grew up on a reservation, â€Å"Native American children are taught to be suspicious of Caucasian people. † Native Americans teach this to their children because there are many people in America that are against minorities and believe that just because they are the majority they’re better. A lot of the parents on a reservation go from job to job not being able to keep one job for a long period of time. Many of these parents are also alcoholics. On the other hand, some of these families on these reservations are very family oriented unlike the African American families in the projects. These Native American families have up to seventeen family members living in one house. They keep their families very close and are very supportive of one another rather then being against each other like African Americans. The parents watch over their children to make sure they don’t go down the wrong path in life. Although these families are experiencing hard times they cheer each other up and manage to smile every once in a while. Therefore, the Native Americans family structure is stronger then African Americans. In conclusion, Native American youth living on a reservation have it better then African American youth living in the projects. Both of these minorities are going through some hardships. From alcoholic parents to not having anything to eat they both are suffering as young children. Native American families provide a safer living environment, work harder, and look after one another, where as African Americans are against one another, on the streets all day, and are strongly associated with violence. As the years go on these families are hoping that the government will separate people in the projects and those living on reservations and provide them both with a better living situation. If these environments are separated the United States will be one step closer to eliminating violence in America.

Martin King and Henry Thoreau Essay

Martin King and Henry Thoreau both write persuasive expositions that oppose majority ideals and justify their own causes. While this similarity is clear, the two essays, â€Å"Letters from Birmingham Jail† by King and â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Thoreau, do have their fair share of differences. Primarily in the causes themselves, as King persuades white, southern clergy men that segregation is an evil, unjust law that should be defeated through the agitation of direct protesting, and Thoreau, writing to a more broad, non addressed audience, and focusing more on the government itself, contends that at its present state, with the war with Mexico and the institution of slavery, that one should do as he does and refuse to pay government taxes that support such evil practices or â€Å"traditions.† While both Thoreau and King prevail in establishing a firm impression for what they strongly believe in, they each succeed in their persuasive efforts through different means. Chiefly, in the way that King draws emotional appeal with the usage of a burning passion and devotion, and Thoreau, while still making it evident that he is devoted in what he believes in, draws more emotional appeal through being more distressed and concerned than naively hopeful and optimistic. However, similarities remain to be as numerous as differences as both Thoreau and King bring credibility or ethical appeal to their assays essentially with allusions to Christ and the Bible. First, King’s emotional appeal is what above all contrasts his essay with Thoreau’s. As virtually everything else; the theme of disobeying â€Å"unjust laws†, their admiration for the â€Å"minority’s viewpoint, and even, coincidently, where they wrote their essays – prison, is all the same. King makes two references to conversations shared with his children. Once with his little girl who wants to go to the public amusement park and is quickly developing â€Å"tears in her eyes† as her father has to sadly explain the reality that black children aren’t allowed in â€Å"Funtown.† Promptly once again, King refers to being forced to somehow â€Å"concoct† an acceptable answer to his five year old son’s question – â€Å"why do white people treat colored people so mean?†. King does not stop there with his ability to throw his readers into the harsh emotional realities that he had to face. While answering the same question of â€Å"why we can’t wait† in regards to protesting, King refers to the tragic sadness of how his wife and mother are almost  never granted with the respectable title of â€Å"Mrs† and how his own name has virtually been transformed from â€Å"Martin Luther King† to â€Å"Nigger Boy John† in the heartland of discrimination in the South. The rhetorical use of detail is King’s second element that he takes advantage of to draw such tremendous, but necessary emotional appeal. With his despairing response to the clergy men’s appraisal of the policemen’s ability to maintain â€Å"peace† and â€Å"order† when he asserts with great detail that maybe they wouldn’t be so â€Å"warmly† supportive if they would have been in the streets to witness the police slapping Negro men and boys with â€Å"sticks† and pushing and cursing old Negro women and girls in such a cold-hearted and cruel fashion. Furthermore, King’s account of what the South would be like if blacks sided more with the Black Nationalists than himself brings emotion to all that contemplate his perception of streets â€Å"flowing with blood† during the central time of the otherwise inevitable â€Å"racial nightmare.† Thoreau, on the other hand, never consents to revealing such frightful nightmares and makes only one brief reference to his children. Instead, Thoreau draws emotional appeal through many different techniques in the art of persuasive writing. Most predominantly, with despaired and concerning rhetorical questions such as when he asks about established government’s viewpoint on great men, â€Å"why does it always crucify Christ and excommunicate Copernicus and Luther, and pronounce Washington and Franklin rebels?†. And again when he provokes the question of how men assert their grievances when he asks â€Å"How can a man be satisfied to entertain and opinion merely and enjoy it?†. As stated above, Thoreau and King’s great persuasive similarity is in the way they give their essays ethical appeal. They both repetitiously make use to references of the Bible. King first asserts that he is in Birmingham for the same reason that â€Å"the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the Gospel of Jesus.† Once again, in comparing his â€Å"civil disobedience† to that of Shadrack, Meshack, and Abednego when they refused to obey the worship laws of Nebucadnesser. Finally King affirms to not being offended by the criticism of being called an â€Å"extremist† by the thought of how many great extremists there where in the past, such as â€Å"Abe Lincoln†, â€Å"Martin  Luther†, and â€Å"Jesus Christ.† Thoreau in the very same manner and with many of the same figures, continues with his own set of biblical allusions. He subscribes to the verse of Christ and the Herodians when they ask him about his stance on taxes and Christ replies to give Caesar â€Å"what is Caesars†, and to give God â€Å"what is God’s.† And then, more broadly, Thoreau poses the question of why after eighteen hundred years of being written, no legislator in America or anywhere else has taken advantage of the â€Å"science of legislation† revealed in the New Testament. In conclusion, both Thoreau and King succeed in establishing their points on the benefits of civil disobedience. I feel that King does succeed farther with his inclusion of more passionate emotion and easier to understand, heartfelt metaphors. Though it is debatable that the scientific and matter of fact tone Thoreau uses ultimately make his case more credible by establishing his work as not only a great personal exposition, but also a considerable scientific exposition that could be considered among the ranks of Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense† or even Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince.†

Reflective Report for a Group Presentation

[pic] Reflective Report Introduction After finishing the presentation and looking back on the effort we've made as a 4-member team, I can clearly see that we had a lot of strengths but also a lot of weaknesses as a team. The result of what we have achieved is that our presentation was one of the best. My experience at the University of Greenwich so far I've been a student in University of Greenwich since October, and I can honestly say that I am more than pleased with the lessons I've attended. The majority of the teachers are highly educated, so that gives us the opportunity to learn more things through the experience they have and as Albert Einstein said †The only source of knowledge is experience†. I think since studying at the University of Greenwich of all my expectations have been met through the material our teachers provide us. Generally, the high standard of all the courses makes me try more and more and gives me motivation, forgetting the difficulties I face. I feel very comfortable being with my other colleagues and since I am a student of the University I became very social and the good knowledge of the English language gives me an advantage that other students don't have. The advantage of working as a group Thinking back on the experience of our group exercise I can hopefully say that I met my expectations fair enough. Unfortunately, we faced a problem with the presentation so we couldn't show some pictures of what we were describing. Working with the other 3 colleagues, taught me cooperation with other people, something that all of us will definitely meet through our ‘’working life’’. It was very beneficial to work as a team because as Ken Blanchard said †None of us is as smart as all of us†. That means that one mind is better than one and the teamwork provides more ideas that an individual person. So, the result of our presentation came from the feedback we received from the other colleagues, who were very satisfied with our work. A problem we had as a team was that it was sometimes difficult to arrange the time we could meet to finish the presentation. That thing was caused by the different schedules everyone had, which is acceptable. Conclusion Ending my reflective report, it is clear that working with other colleagues, makes me improve my working skills as a result of knowing the difficulties I will probably face in a real working environment. It is known that this exercise will also help me during the first year, since i would have more experience than before in other presentations more difficult than this one. References 1) †The only source of knowledge is experience. † Albert Einstein / March 14th 1879 – April 18th 1955 / theoretical physicist 2) †None of us is as smart as all of us. † Ken Blanchard / born May 6th 1939 / American author and management expert

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Law - Essay Example Apart from monitoring cease-fires,, United Nations is also involved in multilevel peace keeping operations that are usually resolved through political dialogues, and reconciliation. Due to varying global conditions and nature of conflicts, the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the Department of Field Support (DFS) have embarked on an improvement task, that is to set up a Peace Operations 2010, which is targeted at improving and rebinding the various planning, management and conduct of United Nations peacekeeping operations1. The continuum of contemporary peace keeping operations has developed into a progressively wide-ranging activity and comprises both United Nations – led peace operations, as well as those conducted by other actors, generally with the approval of the Security Council. The Charter of the United Nations The UN charter was signed, in San Francisco, on 26 June 1945 and is the groundwork document for all the activities and work under taken by the United Nations. The organization was set up â€Å"save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†. The main purpose behind the establishment of the United Nations is to secure global concord and safety. ... In fulfilling this responsibility, the Security Council may adopt an array of processes, including the formation of a United Nations peacekeeping operation2. Human Rights International human rights law is a vital portion of the normative agenda for United Nations negotiation procedures. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which arrays the keystone of international human rights principles, underlines that human rights and vital freedoms are common and assured to everyone. United Nations peacekeeping procedures must be directed in complete respect of human rights and ought to pursue advance human rights through the execution of their mandates. United Nations peacekeeping employees – whether military, police or citizen – must achieve in arrangement with global human rights rule and comprehend how the implementation of their tasks intersects with human rights. Peacekeeping workers would endeavor to confirm that they do not develop perpetrators of human rights misuses . They need to be capable to identify social rights violations or misuse, and be ready to reply suitably within the confines of their mandate and their proficiency. 3United Nations peacekeeping staffs ought to respect human rights in their relations with associates and with native people, both in their public and in their private lives. Where they commit cruelties, they should be held responsible. International Humanitarian Law International humanitarian law also called as â€Å"the law of war† or â€Å"the law of armed conflict,† limits the methods and approaches of armed encounter. Global humanitarian law is enclosed in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and two Additional Protocols of 1977, as well as in instructions regulating the means

HOW IT SECURITY AND ROBUST TECHNOLOGY COMPROMISES PEOPLES FREEDOM AND Literature review

HOW IT SECURITY AND ROBUST TECHNOLOGY COMPROMISES PEOPLES FREEDOM AND HOW CAN PEOPLE, GOVERNMENT AND ORGANISATIONS ADAPT TO THESE CHALLENGES - Literature review Example The surveys were conducted between 1978 and 2004, and Westin used the data to build a privacy concern index. According to the index, there are three classifications; privacy fundamentalists (people generally distrustful of organizations asking for their personal data and use of computerized systems), privacy pragmatists (people with moderate concern on the use of technology for intrusion, 57% of US population), and privacy unconcerned (individuals who are trustful of organizations and are not bothered about privacy constrictions by using information technology) (Clarke, 2008). Bennet, (2005) explored the impacts of technology ion privacy; Clarke, (1988, Lyon, (1994) examined surveillance and privacy while Zureik, (2005) attempted communication interception in the age of technology. The innovation telecommunication sector triggered a number of legislations on surveillance. As indicated by Privacy International (2003) states moved in to update their surveillance laws. For instance, the case law in Strasbourg was used to update British legislation to take note of the technological advances. Though it can be argued that the intentions are good, the governments use old legislative instruments to apply new technologies to address the interception of information and networks without taking into account how the technology has altered the nature and sensitivity of information. The European Union introduced a number of legislations as an immediate response to terrorist threats after 2001 attack on the US. Though the trend was replicated by law enforcement agencies worldwide, in an attempt to adopt a more comprehensive approach to the capture, retention of information and access to information systems, Blakeney, (2007, quoted in Akrivopoulou, 2012) notes that the manner in which this was done this remains questionable. As the author notes, much of

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Applying Balanced Scorecard - Assignment Example Businesses were faced by unclear situations of distinguishing an important aspect from what is not. Kaplan and Norton stated that the important aspects of a business should be presented in a balanced way. A balanced scorecard has three basic components that are important. They include strategic management framework, measurement system and communication tools (Blokdijk, 2008). The banking industry, greatly benefits from the balanced scorecard and management system. The BSC system helps managers in the banking sector accomplish the institution’s objectives. The major scorecard perspectives that can be implemented by managers are better-quality customer service and efficiency in the internal business processes (Blokdijk, 2008 p 113). Banks strategies are always based on the customer and therefore with improved customer service, the bank will end up improving on its profits, sales and turnovers. Banking industries are also able to improve by ensuring that they have efficient business processes. Blokdijk (114) states that with efficiency in the internal business processes, a banking industry will be able to retain its customers. With retained customers, the financial returns go up and the thus improvement in the

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Law of Obligations(Tort) LLB - Essay Example Frances (and his parents), depending upon the effect of the incident on the child, may also have a claim for psychological damage against the nursery brought about by the latter's negligence. In the recent case of Jones v BBC, 2007 WL 2187023 (QBD), where Jones, a freelance sound recordist for defendant BBC claimed that he suffered personal injury when a windmill rotor fell onto his back causing severe spinal injury rendering him paraplegic. In ruling for the claimant, the court stated that since BBC's safety crew had identified a risk of the falling mast, a discussion before filming should have been made to warn the crew not to go beneath it. But the safety crew did not give the warning. Such failure of BBC, through the safety crew, is considered negligent which caused Jones' accident. Thus, the BBC was liable for Jones' injuries. Also, the cameraman and Jones worked as a team because their equipment was linked. Jones with his equipment was following the cameraman who had decided to pass beneath the mast thereby leading Jones into the hazardous area. The cameraman was then in breached of his duty of care and the BBC was vicariously liable for that negligence. In Wilsons & Clyde Coal Company, Limited v English, [1938] A.C. 57, the House of Lords stated as follows: " primarily the master has a duty to take due care to provide and maintain a reasonably safe system of working in the mine, and a master, who has delegated the duty of taking due care in the provision of a reasonably safe system of working to a competent servant, is responsible for a defect in the system of which he had no knowledge" By the Jones and Wilsons cases, it is clear that the employer is under a duty of care to provide the employee with competent fellow employees including a qualified medical personnel, properly maintained site and facilities, and to provide a safe place and system of work. The question of whether the employer breached that duty of care depends on the standard of care owed by the employer to its employee and whether it has taken reasonable steps considering the circumstances. (Latimer v A.E.C. Ltd.[1953]) In Jones, the breach of the employer's duty consists in B BC's failure (through its safety crew) to discuss with the cameraman and Jones the risk of the falling mast and to warn the cameraman and Jones in unequivocal terms that they must not go beneath it. In Wilsons, the breach by the employer consists of its failure to provide competent fellow employees, properly maintained mine and equipment, and to provide a safe place and system of work. In the case of Ina here, the failure of the employer to provide competent fellow employees and to properly provide and maintain a safe place and system of work which caused the employee's disability to work for three (3) months constitute a breach of the standard of care required of the employer. Jack's negligence in leaving the drill on the floor in a place where thirty (30) toddlers freely roam about constitutes a negligent act for which the employer must be held vicariously responsible. The nursery cannot invoke the defence that Jack is merely a hired self-employed carpenter because as the court st ated in the Jones case the BBC had clearly assumed a responsibility for the health and safety of freelancers when they were working on BBC productions that was equivalent to that of an employer to a direct employee. Jack should have been more careful with his tools because it can reasonably be expected

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Management theories - Essay Example While managers administer, depend on control and focus on organizational systems and structure, leaders innovate, inspire trust and focus on individuals in an organization. In addition, managers and leaders differ greatly in that leaders have individuals following them whereas managers have individuals working for them. Moreover, leaders tend to be brilliant and charismatic, like taking risks, visionary and creative among others. They use non-coercive form of influence to make individuals achieve certain goals (Bertocci 2009, p.7). In contrast, managers are rational, problem solvers, and in most cases, they focus on organizational goals, structures, personnel as well as the availability of resources. Mostly, managers make use of formal and rational method when organizing people while leaders use passion and stirs emotions when dealing with their subordinates. Managers have to deal with complex issues in an organization like setting standards for development, developing action plans, and effectively using available resource (Klein 2007, p.2). Moreover, the effectiveness of leaders is determined by the accomplishment of goals while managers’ effec tiveness is determined by results like profit margins (Bertocci 2009, p.9). Nevertheless, leaders and managers approach to tasks differently, that is, leaders look at the problem and come up with creative solutions. Their charisma and dedications helps them to motivate employees to do their best and to effectively solve any problem arising. In contrast, managers establish strategies to form teams and combine ideas to come up with appropriate solution to any problem. They encourage their subordinates to share their views in order to reduce inherent risk and promote success. Accordingly, they both have different approaches to risk in that as leaders are risk takers, managers are risk averse. More so, leaders are the facilitators when decisions are made while managers are involved

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plagiarism - Essay Example In simple terms, the use of another person’s work without giving due acknowledge to the source constitutes plagiarism. The first step towards avoiding plagiarism is to admit that adhering to the strategies for avoiding plagiarism makes a person no less of a great writer. The following paragraphs of the essay are used to lay out how students can strategized their writing to avoid cases and instances of plagiarism in a wake of an era when plagiarism is gaining more and prominence throughout universities in the world. Strategies for avoiding Plagiarism One of the first strategies to avoiding plagiarism is to identify the appropriate mechanism instituted in the selection of a group of words belonging to another person. By academic provisions, a student is expected to either paraphrase a group of words belonging to another person or bring quotation marks when the words are taken verbatim (University of Michigan’s Scholarly Publishing Office, 2006). ... An example can be cited with the same example above to read as ‘plagiarism remains a critical component of academic dishonesty’. From the structure of the paraphrased sentence, it can be seen that the central theme of the original message is maintained while keeping about the same number of words. It is in light of this that the Durkin University (2012) states that â€Å"a paraphrase is the rephrasing of a short passage from a text, in about the same number of words.† The next strategy to paraphrasing and using quotations is much related to paraphrasing and using quotation and this has to do with using in-text citation. In-text citation simply refers to a provision whereby the writer states the name of the original owner of any quotation or paraphrase made Durkin University (2012). In most jurisdictions, it is expected that the writer will also state the date of publication of the said source. The general idea behind in-text citation is therefore for the writer to state the name of original owner and the date of publication. However, depending on the referencing format or style being used by the writer, there are difference ways in which in-text citations will be made. Some of the referencing styles are APA, Harvard and Oxford. It is very important for a student who wants to avoid problems with plagiarism and other forms of academic dishonesty to have a fairer idea of how to use in-text citation for the different referencing styles. In a typical APA referencing style, a write who indicates the name of original owner and date before the quotation or paraphrase will be expected to write the surname of the owner and put the date in parenthesis. Example is Gardener (2011). If the source is an institution, it is expected that the

Describe the laws of thermodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Describe the laws of thermodynamics - Essay Example To understand energy better, there has been that study called thermodynamics that seeks to study and understand the various forms of energy. First, energy has been defined as the capability of perform some duty, the ability to bring change. Therefore, in order to understand the thermodynamics, there have been laws established. These laws try to explain how heat also called Thermo travels through other forms hence the term thermodynamics. As such thermodynamics connotes the different character of heat (Bub, 2001, p. 570). Under the first law, Zeroth Law, we are made to understand that if three bodies are at equilibrium, then they would have the same character. For instance, three bodies under similar conditions would have same temperatures in a matter of time. The second law, First Law is understood in the context that some form of energy may be at rest and would be changed if some other force is applied to it. Then we have the Second Law, which seems so difficult to comprehend. It behaves differently under different circumstances (Bub, 2001, p. 572). Lastly, we have the Third Law, which states that there are some things that are totally hard to change for instance cooling something to a particular degree. It is definite that there would be some factors to affect the targeted temperature basing on the already mentioned laws. From the above, it is now important to state the different types of energy. These include fossil fuels, solar energy, nuclear energy, wind power, hydropower, and bio-fuel. All these types have their good and bad sides. With fossil fuels, it is easy to establish the plants and extract. They provide efficient and cost effective energy, and they can be located anywhere. Fossils are also easy to find and cheap to extract. However, they are so much of pollutants that they threaten the environment. Harmful gasses emerge from minerals causing the destruction of the atmospheric layers. Further, by getting them from the earth,